Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo; Jane Ngaira; Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti; Henry Athiany; Yatinder Binepal; Leonard Ateya

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, Leonard Ateya

Published in International Journal of Animal Science and Technology (Volume 5, Issue 3)

Received: 13 July 2021 Accepted: 26 July 2021 Published: 2 August 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.

Published in	International Journal of Animal Science and Technology (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
Page(s)	57-69
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Newcastle Disease, Vaccination, Indigenous Chicken

References

[1]	Nyaga P. Poultry Sector Country Review: Uganda. FAO Poultry Sector Country Review. 2007.
[2]	Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2019 Kenya population and housing census Volume IV. In: 2019 Kenya population and housing census. 2019. p. 366–86.
[3]	T. M. Magothe, Tobias o okeno, W. B. Muhuyi A k K. Indigenous chicken production in Small-Scale Family Poultry Production Indigenous chicken production in Kenya: I. Current status. Worlds Poult Sci J. 2012; (March).
[4]	Alders R. Controlling Newcastle Disease in village chickens in Mozambique. African Stud Rev Newsl. 1999; 21: 43–4.
[5]	Jos CFM Dortmans, Guus Koch PJR and BPP. Virulence of newcastle disease virus: What is known so far? Vet Res [Internet]. 2011; 42 (1): 122. Available from: http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/42/1/122.
[6]	Otim MO, Kabagambe EK, Mukiibi GM, Christensen H, Bisgaard M. A study of risk factors associated with Newcastle disease epidemics in village free-range chickens in Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2007; 39 (1): 27–35.
[7]	Njagi LW, Nyaga PN, Mbuthia PG, Bebora LC, Michieka JN, Kibe JK, et al. Prevalence of Newcastle disease virus in village indigenous chickens in varied agro-ecological zones in Kenya. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2010; 22 (5): 22.
[8]	Miller PJ, Afonso CL, El Attrache J, Dorsey KM, Courtney SC, Guo Z, et al. Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses. Dev Comp Immunol. 2013; 41 (4): 505–13.
[9]	Ahmed AS. Assessment of Maternal Immunity against Newcastle Disease in Offspring Chicks as Affected by Parents Genetic Crossing. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 2014; 10 (1): 35–42.
[10]	Miller PJ, Decanini EL, Afonso CL. Newcastle disease: Evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges. Vol. 10, Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2010. p. 26–35.
[11]	Fentie T, Dadi K, Kassa T, Sahle M, Cattoli G. Effect of vaccination on transmission characteristics of highly virulent Newcastle disease virus in experimentally infected chickens. Avian Pathol [Internet]. 2014; 43 (5): 420–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2014.951832.
[12]	Aldous EW, Mynn JK, Banks J, Alexander DJ. A molecular epidemiological study of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease virus) isolates by phylogenetic analysis of a partial nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene. Avian Pathol. 2003; 32 (3): 239–57.
[13]	Aldous EW, Alexander DJ. Detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus type 1). Avian Pathol. 2001; 30 (2): 117–28.
[14]	King A et al. international committee on taxonomy of viruses, Virus taxonomy, paramyxoviruses. Elsevier Acad Press san diego, London. 2012; 672–85.
[15]	ICTV. ICTV master species list 2018b v1 [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/master-species-lists/m/msl/5945
[16]	Rabalski L, Smietanka K, Minta Z, Szewczyk B. Detection of Newcastle disease virus minor genetic variants by modified single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014.
[17]	Wise MG, Wise MG, Suarez DL, Suarez DL, Seal BS, Seal BS, et al. Development of a real-time reverse-transcription PCR for detection of Newcastle disease virus RNA in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42 (1): 329–38.
[18]	Cattoli G, De Battisti C, Marciano S, Ormelli S, Monne I, Terregino C, et al. False-negative results of a validated real-time PCR protocol for diagnosis of newcastle disease due to genetic variability of the matrix gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2009; 47 (11): 3791–2.
[19]	Al-Habeeb MA, Mohamed MHA, Sharawi S. Detection and characterization of newcastle disease virus in clinical samples using real time RT-PCR and melting curve analysis based on matrix and fusion genes amplification. Vet World. 2013; 6 (5): 239–43.
[20]	Killian M. Recommendations for Collecting Specimens from Poultry for Viral Diagnostic Testing. 2012.
[21]	STEAR MJ. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Mammals, Birds and Bees) 5th Edn. Volumes 1 & 2. World Organization for Animal Health. Vol. 130, Parasitology. 2005. 727–727 p.
[22]	Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Med. 2013 Apr; 35 (2): 121–6.
[23]	Putri DD, Handharyani E, Soejoedono RD, Setiyono A, Mayasari NLPI, Poetri ON. Pathotypic characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolated from vaccinated chicken in West Java, Indonesia. Vet World. 2017; 10 (4): 438–44.
[24]	Byarugaba DK, Mugimba KK, Omony JB, Okitwi M, Wanyana A, Otim MO, et al. High pathogenicity and low genetic evolution of avian paramyxovirus type i (Newcastle disease virus) isolated from live bird markets in Uganda. Virol J. 2014; 11 (1): 1–13.
[25]	Ogali, I, Lichoti J, Ommeh, S C, Mungube EO, Agwanda et al. Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya. Int J Microbiol. 2018; 2018: 1–11.
[26]	Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018; 35 (6): 1547–9.
[27]	Leigh JW, Bryant D. POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015; 6 (9): 1110–6.
[28]	Ipara O. Awareness of poultry farmers and traders on newcastle disease in Kenya. In: Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development organised by Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 2018.
[29]	Lindahl JF, Young J, Wyatt A, Young M, Alders R, Bagnol B, et al. Do vaccination interventions have effects? A study on how poultry vaccination interventions change smallholder farmer knowledge, attitudes, and practice in villages in Kenya and Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019; 51 (1): 213–20.
[30]	Campbell ZA, Marsh TL, Mpolya EA, Thumbi SM, Palmer GH. Newcastle disease vaccine adoption by smallholder households in Tanzania: Identifying determinants and barriers. PLoS One. 2018; 13 (10): 1–16.
[31]	Apopo AA, Kariithi HM, Ateya LO, Binepal YS, Sirya JH, Dulu TD, et al. A retrospective study of Newcastle disease in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019; 52 (2): 699–710.
[32]	Ipara BO. The contribution of extensive chicken production systems and practices to Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod [Internet]. 2021; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02550-w.
[33]	Kariithi HM, Ferreira HL, Welch CN, Ateya LO, Apopo AA, Zoller R, et al. Surveillance and genetic characterization of virulent newcastle disease virus subgenotype V. 3 in indigenous chickens from backyard poultry farms and live bird markets in Kenya. Viruses [Internet]. 2021; 13 (1): 103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010103.https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010103https://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses.
[34]	Lichoti J. ISOLATION OF AVIAN PARAMYXOVIRUSES FROM VILLAGE. The University of Nairobi; 2000.
[35]	Dimitrov KM, Afonso CL, Yu Q, Miller PJ. Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge? Vet Microbiol. 2017 Jul 1; 206: 126–36.
[36]	Liu J, Zhu J, Xu H, Li J, Hu Z, Hu S, et al. Effects of the HN antigenic difference between the vaccine strain and the challenge strain of newcastle disease virus on virus shedding and transmission. Viruses. 2017; 9 (8).
[37]	Seal BS, King DJ, Meinersmann RJ. Molecular evolution of the Newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae. Virus Res. 2000; 66 (1): 1–11.
[38]	Paldurai A, Kim S-H, Nayak B, Xiao S, Shive H, Collins PL, et al. Evaluation of the contributions of individual viral genes to newcastle disease virus virulence and pathogenesis. J Virol [Internet]. 2014; 88 (15): 8579–96. Available from: http://jvi.asm.org/content/88/15/8579.long.
[39]	Mulisa DD, Kiros MKW, Alemu RB, Keno MS, Furaso A. Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus and poultry-handling practices in live poultry markets, Ethiopia. 2014; 1–6.
[40]	Damena D, Fusaro A, Sombo M, Belaineh R, Heidari A, Kebede A, et al. Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from outbreak cases in commercial chickens and wild pigeons in Ethiopia. Springerplus. 2016; 5 (1).
[41]	Elmardi NA, Bakheit MA, Khalafalla AI. Phylogenetic analysis of some Newcastle disease virus isolates from the Sudan. Open Vet J. 2016; 6 (2): 89–97.
[42]	Dimitrov KM, Lee DH, Williams-Coplin D, Olivier TL, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Newcastle disease viruses causing recent outbreaks worldwide show unexpectedly high genetic similarity to historical virulent isolates from the 1940s. J Clin Microbiol. 2016; 54 (5): 1228–35.
[43]	Ayala AJ, Yabsley MJ, Hernandez SM. A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken–Wild Bird Interface. Front Vet Sci. 2020; 7 (October).
[44]	Sharif A and AT. Preventing vaccine failure in poultry flocks. Intechopen [Internet]. 2020; (Cell Interaction-Regulation of Immune Responses, Disease Development and Management Strategies): 1–15. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-biometric-technologies/liveness-detection-in-biometrics.
[45]	Awan MA, Otte MJ, James AD. The epidemiology of Newcastle disease in rural poultry: A review. Avian Pathol. 1994; 23 (3): 405–23.
[46]	Otim M, Christensen H, Mukiibi GM, Bisgaard M. A preliminary study of the role of ducks in the transmission of Newcastle disease virus to in-contact rural free-range chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2006; 38 (4): 285–9.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. (2021). Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 5(3), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo; Jane Ngaira; Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti; Henry Athiany; Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2021, 5(3), 57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;5(3):57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12,
  author = {Auleria Ajiambo Apopo and Jane Ngaira and Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti and Henry Athiany and Yatinder Binepal and Leonard Ateya},
  title = {Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Animal Science and Technology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {57-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijast.20210503.12},
  abstract = {Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study
AU  - Auleria Ajiambo Apopo
AU  - Jane Ngaira
AU  - Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti
AU  - Henry Athiany
AU  - Yatinder Binepal
AU  - Leonard Ateya
Y1  - 2021/08/02
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
T2  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
SP  - 57
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1312
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
AB  - Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo

Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
Jane Ngaira

Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti

Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
Henry Athiany

Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Yatinder Binepal

Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural, and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
Leonard Ateya

Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural, and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. (2021). Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 5(3), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo; Jane Ngaira; Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti; Henry Athiany; Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2021, 5(3), 57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Auleria Ajiambo Apopo, Jane Ngaira, Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti, Henry Athiany, Yatinder Binepal, et al. Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;5(3):57-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12,
  author = {Auleria Ajiambo Apopo and Jane Ngaira and Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti and Henry Athiany and Yatinder Binepal and Leonard Ateya},
  title = {Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Animal Science and Technology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {57-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijast.20210503.12},
  abstract = {Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Presence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Vaccinated Indigenous Chicken in Selected Regions in Kenya —A Cross-Sectional Study
AU  - Auleria Ajiambo Apopo
AU  - Jane Ngaira
AU  - Jacqueline Kasiiti Lichoti
AU  - Henry Athiany
AU  - Yatinder Binepal
AU  - Leonard Ateya
Y1  - 2021/08/02
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
T2  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Animal Science and Technology
SP  - 57
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1312
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijast.20210503.12
AB  - Vaccination of flocks against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks is the main approach for controlling the spread of Newcastle disease (ND). Nevertheless, NDV outbreaks have been reported in vaccinated chickens. In this study, we determined the prevalence of NDV among vaccinated indigenous chickens (ICs) and examined the relationship of the disease with the weather (temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed) at the time of sample collection, production system, and the presence of other species. The genetic diversity of the NDV matrix and fusion genes was also inferred. A total of 1,210 swabs were collected between 2017 and 2018 from ICs that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against NDV in free-range and semi-free-range production systems. We collected 650 swabs each from the oropharynx and cloaca of ICs in 68 households within the Bomet, Baringo, Kilifi, Nakuru, Kakamega, and Machakos counties in Kenya. NDV matrix genes were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and amplicons of matrix and fusion genes were sequenced using a capillary sequencer from the pooled samples. Among the vaccinated ICs, the prevalence of NDV was 78.5% (p=0.045). There were significant relationships between the presence of NDV and vaccination history of the ICs (p=0.034), the type of production system for ICs (p=0.004) and the months of sample collection (p < 0.0001). However, no significant relationship was found between the presence of NDV and the interaction between ICs and other birds. The presence of matrix and fusion genes in samples from vaccinated flocks indicated the presence of both virulent and low-virulence strains of NDV. These findings highlight the significant presence of NDV among vaccinated ICs and suggest the possibility of inadequate vaccination and viral shedding post-vaccination as the drivers of infections.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download